Nerve Cells (Neurons)

 The nervous system consists of nerve cells called neurons. Neurons combine to form a network to deliver impulses (stimuli). A nerve cell is composed of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.

1.     .       cell body

The nerve cell body is the largest part of the nerve cell. The function of the cell body is to receive stimuli from the dendrites and pass them on to the axon. The nerve cell body contains the nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, centrosomes, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, and nicell bodies. Nisel body is a collection of endoplasmic reticulum where the transport of protein synthesis.

2.                     Dendrites

Dendrites are short and branched nerve cell fibers. Dendrites are extensions of the cell body. Dendrites function to receive and deliver stimuli to the cell body.

3.            Axon

The axons are called neurites. Neurit is a long nerve cell fiber which is a protrusion of the cytoplasm of the cell body. Inside the neurites are fine threads called neurofibrils. Neurofibrils are covered by several layers of myelin membranes which contain lots of fatty substances and function to speed up the course of stimulation. The myelin membrane is covered by sachwann cells which will form a network that can provide food for neurites and help neurite formation. The outer layer of myelin is called the neurilemma which protects the axons from damage. There are parts of the neurites that are not covered by a layer of myelin. This section is called the nodes of Ranvier and functions to speed up the course of stimulation.

Based on the structure and function, nerve cells can be divided into 3 types, namely sensory nerve cells, motor nerve cells, and intermediate (association) nerve cells.

•         Sensory nerve cells

The function of sensory nerve cells is to carry impulses from receptors to the central nervous system, namely the brain (encephalon) and spinal cord (spinal cord). The axon endings of sensory nerves are associated with association (intermediate) nerves.

•          Motor nerve cells

The function of motor nerve cells is to send impulses from the central nervous system to muscles or glands, the result of which is the body's response to stimulation. Motor neuron cell bodies are in the central nervous system. The dendrites are very short associated with the axons of the associated nerves, whereas the axons can be very long.

•          Intermediate nerve cells

Intermediate nerve cells are also known as association neurons. These cells can be found in the central nervous system and function to connect motor nerve cells with sensory nerve cells or connect with other nerve cells in the central nervous system. Intermediate nerve cells receive impulses from sensory receptors or other associated nerve cells.

Groups of nerve fibers, axons and dendrites unite in a single sheath and form nerve fibers. While the nerve cell bodies gather to form a ganglion or nerve node.

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