AMBULANCE TYPES
An ambulance is a vehicle/means of transportation used in carrying out the evacuation or mobilization of people in emergency and life-threatening conditions. There are several types of ambulances according to the functions and facilities contained therein. Among others:
1. Transport Ambulance.
Transport ambulances are used for patients who do not require special treatment/emergency measures to save lives, transport ambulances are also used for patients who are not expected to experience an emergency while on their way. Usually, ambulance transport is used for patients who are mildly ill or on an outpatient basis.
The officers who operate consist of 1 nurse and one ambulance driver. The equipment in the transport ambulance includes simple equipment for mobilizing patients which includes: oxygen cylinders with cannula/mask, tensimeter, thermometer, stretcher, wheelchair and communication devices.
2. Basic Ambulance.
Basic ambulances are used to treat patients who do not require invasive/advance equipment. The equipment available is only basic equipment to save the patient's life at the scene of the incident up to the hospital. The use of a basic ambulance is only for patients who are stable and are not expected to have an emergency while on their way to the referral hospital. The officers who operate the basic ambulance are 2 nurses who are trained in basic life support, extrication and stabilization. The two nurses should be able to drive an ambulance to save personnel. If both are unable to drive an ambulance, one driver is needed. The equipment available at the basic ambulance is non-invasive emergency equipment. The equipment includes:
A. Airway Equipment.
1.) Suction Pump With Canule.
2.) Orophryngeal Airway (Opa).
3.) Nasophryngeal Airway (Npa).
4.) Mouthgag.
5.) Magil Forcep.
6.) Tounge Spatel
7.) Gastric Tube.
B. Breathing Equipment.
1.) Oxygen Cylinder.
2.) Nasal Canule.
3.) Simple Mask.
4.) Re Breathing Mask.
5.) Non Re Breathing Mask.
C. Circulation equipment.
1.) Fast Traumatic Bandage.
2.) Surgical Tape/ Plaster.
3.) Sterile Gauze / Sterile Gauze.
4.) Elastic Bandage / Elastic Bandage.
5.) Roll Bandage / Roll Bandage.
6.) Tensimeter.
7.) Stetoscope.
8.) Aluminum Foil.
D. Peralatan Extrication & Stabilization.
1.) Nec Collar / Neck Splint.
2.) Long Spine Board.
3.) Scoop Sthrecher.
4.) Splint / Splint.
5.) Extrication Device.
6.) Safetty Belt.
7.) Traction Splint.
E. Others.
1.) Personal Protective Equipment: Gloves, Masks, Goggles, Protective Clothing, Head Cap, Protective Shoes.
2.) Antiseptic.
3.) Scissors.
4.) Tweezers.
5.) Pen Light.
6.) Communication Equipment.
3. Advance Ambulance.
Advance ambulance is used to help critical emergency patients.
Available equipment can be used to perform definitive/invasive medical procedures and administer emergency drugs. Advance ambulance can also be used as referral transportation between hospitals with various possibilities that will arise during the trip. Officers who operate advance ambulances are officers who are most experienced in handling emergency and critical patients. The officer must master definitive action and advance tool operation. If necessary, one of these officers is an emergency doctor. The equipment available in the advance ambulance is the same as the basic ambulance with the addition of advance equipment as follows:
A. Airway Equipment.
1.) ETT (Endo Tracheal Tube)
2.) Laryngoscope.
3.) Cricothyroidotomy Needle.
4.) Laryngeal Mask.
B. Breathing Equipment.
1.) Pulse Oximetry.
2.) Portable Ventilator.
C. Circulation equipment.
1.) AED (Automatic External Defibliration)
2.) Defibrillator.
3.) ECG Monitor.
4.) IV Line Catheter
5.) Foley Catheter.
D. Fluids and Emergency Medications.
1.) IV Line Catheter
2.) Infusion Fluid (RL, 0.9% Nacl, 5% Dextrose, 10% Dextrose).
3.) Infusion Set.
4.) Circulatory Emergency Drugs (Epinephrine, Atropine Etc.)
5.) Respiratory Emergency Medicine.
6.) Allergy medicine.
7.) Antivenom.
8.) Anti Poison.
9.) And Others.
4. Type of Ambulance.
The types of ambulances are distinguished according to the operating area
a. Ground Ambulance / Ground Ambulance.
Land ambulances are very common ambulances around us. Land ambulances are used to provide assistance at the scene and transport to referral hospitals. In addition, it is used to make referrals between hospitals and home care.
The following are some of the conditions that must be considered in building an ambulance, especially an emergency ambulance.
1.) The area/width of the ambulance cabin allows for patients to lie down freely without having to bend their legs or other body parts.
2.) The area and width of the ambulance cabin allows officers to monitor the patient's condition and perform medical procedures in it.
3.) Cabin height allows officers to stand and infusion drips run smoothly.
4.) The cab allows for securely positioning of the equipment.
5.) Cabin walls are made of materials that are easy to clean and disinfect.
b. Sea Ambulance / Sea Ambulance.
Sea ambulances are operated in island areas, marine tourist attractions, and offshore mining. Sea ambulance officers must be equipped with the ability to swim, sea survival, and help drowning victims. This is of course different from the ability of land ambulance officers.
c. Air Ambulance / Air Ambulance.
Air ambulances are operated for VIP patient evacuation, inter-island evacuation, overseas evacuation or evacuation from the interior / sea to big cities. Air ambulance officers must receive special training. This is because there are some patients with certain cases who are at risk of being at a height. This is related to changes in atmospheric pressure on land and air. Some of the types of air ambulances used are as follows.
1.) Helicopters.
2.) Rotary wing.
3.) Fixed wing.
The following are the advantages and disadvantages of using an air ambulance.
1.) Profits.
a.) Transportation is fast and smooth, there are no traffic obstacles.
b.) Access to the place of fast events.
c.) Can avoid traffic signs, trains, mountains and other obstacles.
d.) Travel is still possible even though the road conditions are not supportive.
e.) If the ground ambulance is not possible to reach the scene quickly.
f.) If the quality of assistance at the scene of the incident is not possible.
g.) Air ambulance accidents are very rare compared to ground ambulances.
2.) Losses.
a.) In urban areas ground ambulances are faster than air ambulances.
b.) Bad weather can hamper air ambulance travel.
c.) High noise levels may hinder the communication of officers and nurses.
d.) Space limitations and limitations on the weight of the load to be carried will limit access to patients.
e.) Operational costs are very high
f.) Air ambulance accidents are less likely to be rescued.
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