DRUG DOSAGE AND DOSAGE TYPES
Jumat, 13 Januari 2023
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The dose/size/amount of drug given to the patient in units of weight or content units or other units. Microorganigram weight units, milligrams (mg), grams (g). Units of content millimeters (ml)/cc, liters (l). UI units.
B. Factors affecting drug dosage.
1. Medicinal Properties
a. Physical Properties.
Drug solubility in water/fat, crystal/amorphous, and so on.
b. Chemical Properties.
Acids, bases, salts, complexes, pH, pKa. Examples of codeine salt forms: sulfate, codeine. While atropine: atropine sulfate.
c. toxicity.
2. Method of Administration.
a. Enterial.
Oral (eat/drink), sublingual, buccal, rectal, vaginal.
b. Parenteral.
Subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, and the like.
c. topical.
3. Factors/characteristics of the patient.
a. Age.
a) Neonates.
b.) Baby.
c.) Child.
d.) Adult.
e.) Geritrik.
b. Weight.
c. Gender (for hormone class drugs).
d. Pathophysiological state.
Disorders of the liver, kidneys, disorders of the digestive tract.
C. Measuring device for drug dosage.
a. Tablespoon = 15 cc.
b. Teaspoon = 5 cc
c. Tetes/drop
Because there are variations in the shape of the spoon used, ideally:
1. Each container of oral medicine is equipped with an appropriate spoon (there is a size limit).
2. Each patient has a medicine cup which is marked with a line for a spoon marked with a line for a tablespoon and for a teaspoon.
D. Various doses.
a. therapeutic dose.
A number of drugs that provide a therapeutic effect.
b. Maximum dose.
Relatively safe dose limits are given to patients
c. Minimum dose.
The lowest dose dose that can still provide pharmacological effects (efficacy) to patients when consumed.
d. Toxic dose.
The dose of the drug given exceeds the therapeutic dose, so it can cause drug poisoning.
e. lethal dose.
a. The dose that causes death in experimental animals.
b. The magnitude exceeds the toxic dose.
f. Loading
dose.
Dosage of drug to initiate therapy, so as to achieve therapeutic concentrations in body fluids that produce clinical effects.
E. Dosage for children.
The way to calculate the dose of drug administration for children is:
a. Based on dosage comparison with adults.
b. Based on the physical condition of each child.
F. Dosage comparison.
1. By age
(adults :> 20 years).
2. Based on body weight
(adults :> 70 Kg).
3. Based on body surface area (LPT). Adult body surface area: 1.73 m².
G. Therapeutic dose.
·
Formula Young: 1-8 years).
Da = n x Dd
n+12
Formula Dilling
: (8-20 years)
Da = n x Dd
20
Formula Fried: (<1 year )
Da
= m x Dd
150
Information :
n : child's age (in years)
m : child's age (in months)
Da : Child Dose
Dd : adult dose in mg
Adult Age :> 20 years old.
H. Based on body weight.
Formula Thermich
Da = w x Dd
70
Ket. W: body weight
I. Based on LPT (body surface width).
The Crawford-Erry Rourke formula
Da = child's LPT x Dd
adult LPTs
Ket. Adult LPT : 1.73 m².
Drug
dose = desired dose x amount of drug
Available dosage
Problems example.
Pro : Tn. A
R/ Cofetaxim 1 g injection. 2 x 500 mg
Preparation: 1 g vial dissolved in 4 cc of distilled water
How many ml of drug should be given?
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