HISTORY OF NURSING ABROAD
Rabu, 04 Januari 2023
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A. Development of Nursing Overseas
1. Ancient Age
At this time people believe that something on earth has a mystical power that cant affect human life. This belief is commonly called animism. They believe that a person's illness is caused by natural forces or the influence of supernatural forces such as large rocks, tall mountains, large trees, large rivers. sick by providing physical care and giving medicine from herbs.
2. Religious Age
In this era, the temple became a center for medical treatment because people believed that illness was caused by sin and God's curse. Religious leaders are held in high esteem as healers, nurses are seen as slaves and receive low respect because their work is based on orders from religious leaders who act as healers.
3. Early AD
At the beginning of Christ, Christianity began to develop. At this time, nursing experienced significant progress along with the rapid development of Christianity. The first women's organization formed at that time was called the Deaconesses, visiting sick people and male religious members providing care and burying the dead. During the crusade, male nurses men and women in charge of caring for people who were injured in the war.
The progress of the nursing profession at this time was also clearly seen with the establishment of a famous hospital in Rome called Monastic Hospital. , and orphans.
As was the case in Europe, in the middle of the 6th century AD, nursing also developed in the Asian continent. To be precise, in the Middle East along with the development of Islam. The influence of Islam on the development of nursing cannot be separated from the success of the Prophet Muhammad SAW in spreading Islam to various corners of the country. In the Arabian Peninsula, sciences such as exact sciences, chemistry, hygiene, and medicine are rapidly developing. This causes nursing to develop as well. rapidly. The famous nursing figure from the Arab world at this time was Rafidah.
4. Beginning of the XVI century
The structure and orientation of society changed from a religious orientation to an orientation towards power, namely war, exploration, natural wealth, and the development of knowledge. As a result, many churches and places of worship were closed, even though these places were used by religious orders to care for sick people. This condition greatly influenced the development of care to meet the needs of nurses, women who have committed crimes and have repented can be accepted to work as nurses. As a result of this bad reputation, nurses receive low salaries with long working hours in poor conditions (Tylor C., et al, 1989).
5. The Period Before World War II
The basis of nursing services is focused on complaints as an expression of mutual love which is inspired by religious teachings. The target is service for sick people. Service activities are aimed at helping sick people to recover or be healthier. Nurses who provide these services have little or no formal education. The most important thing was the "apprenticeship" or direct practical experience, because at that time what stood out was the "role model". The scope of care services was more curative in order to meet the basic physiological needs of sick humans.
Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) was a care reformer at the time and was often called the Mother of Care. At that time Florence Nightingale already realized the importance of a school to educate prospective nurses, so that they could be given knowledge, skills and mental development so as to produce virtuous, knowledgeable and skilled nursing staff in carrying out care. He established basic structure as a prerequisite in nursing education:
a. Established a nursing school
b. Determine the nurse's goals
c. Determine the knowledge that candidates must have as a basis for treatment
In addition, Florence Nightingale has argued that:
a. Different educational preparations are needed for implementing nurses and administrator nurses or supervisors.
b. It should be noted that there must be changes regarding the working hours of nurses, which at that time lasted 12 hours/day and 7 days/week.
c. It is necessary to pay attention to the increase in nurses' income every 6 months, considering their burden and responsibilities.
However, as a whole, the development of nurses from the time of Florence Nightingale until the outbreak of World War II was considered to have very little or almost no change. Therefore, this period is often referred to as the maintenance period.
6. The Period During World War II
During the war, many events were "pressure" for every nation in the world. The pressure of this war pushed people to make changes. Technological progress was intended to compete to conquer the world. health services as a result of suffering from illness during the war. The emergence of diseases due to war caused the need for increased knowledge and skills, medical personnel or nurses. The ability of a particular professional field could not meet the community's need for health services at that time. Even this is a new challenge for nurses in providing health services along with other professions.
7. The Post-World War II Period
The consequences of World War II which caused a lot of suffering for the world's population has stirred up all parties. Developments in care are rapidly occurring in America which are influenced by:
a. Increased public awareness in the health sector
b. The relatively high population growth has created new problems in the field of health services
c. Economic growth, will affect the pattern of behavior
d. The development of science, especially concerning medical science, important meetings in the medical field, new ways of therapy, all of which are very important in the process of healing diseases.
e. Efforts to become more active and creative so that they do not only include curative services but also preventive and promotive efforts.
f. There are new developments in educational policy, so nursing schools must also experience changes.
The original premise, "The Nurse must give total patient care" in a narrow sense has developed, in a broad sense nurses are more aware of the totality of individual clients than before, therefore there has been a change from nurses working alone to working as a team.
This decade has waged a struggle for recognition of nursing as a profession. Lucile Brown (1948) wrote reports that the recognition of nursing as a profession was a major turning point for the life of nurses and the nursing profession. He pays attention to respect for nurses in relation to their responsibility as providers of quality care services. For this reason, it is realized that there is a need for a good management of nursing services to ensure quality and at the same time the availability of nursing evaluation tools.
8. Since 1950
In referring to the process of professionalism, it is necessary to develop nursing education. Actually nursing education at the university level has existed since 1909 at the University of Minnesota, America. However, the recognition of nursing as a profession only occurred in 1950, this was just recognition, not yet fulfilling the characteristics of a profession.
Nurse education at the "Bachelor" level began in 1919 in 1977 there were 3830 master graduates in nursing and in 1972 there were 9 institutions carrying out Doctoral programs in the field of nursing. In Thailand, nursing education at the "Bachelor" level began in 1966 and at the "Master" level began in 1986.
The nursing process that began in the 1950s is considered the embryonic stage. At this time the treatment process is not yet understood and also not acceptable, but it is being carried out every day. New in 1955 Lydia Hall gave her presentation on "Care is a process". In essence, treatment involves 4 main things, namely:
a. Nursing at the patient
b. Nursing to the patient
c. Nursing for the patient
d. Nursing with the patient
The phases in the nursing process identified by nursing lecturers at the American Catholic University in 1967 include: assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
The definition of nursing according to the International Council of Nurses (ICN) in 1973, "The unique function of the nurse is to help someone who is sick or healthy in efforts to become healthy or healing or to face death in a calm manner, namely efforts that can be made by patients himself when he is strong enough. Willing or conscious and doing it in such a way that the patient can be independent in a short time.
From this understanding, it is revealed some of the main essence of nursing, including:
a. Nursing activity is an activity to provide assistance.
b. This form of assistance is essentially an activity of daily life functions that normally every healthy individual can do alone.
c. The limitations or inability of individuals to carry out daily functions are due to physical weakness, lack of will or lack of knowledge
Nursing as a profession until now still requires a fairly rapid struggle. Even though nursing has begun to be referred to as a profession, if you examine the character of the profession, nursing is more appropriately considered as a profession that has just been born or is still developing. As with humans, it moves from basic needs to grow, as well as nursing moving from occupational to professional criteria has not yet fully attained professional status.
To gain recognition as a profession according to Taylor C, et al. (1997) nursing must have:
a. Formulation of a good body of knowledge
b. Strong service oriented
c. Recognition of expertise by a group of professionals
d. Code of Ethics
e. Standard setting organization
f. Continuous self-development
g. Autonomy
saya hanya seorang individu yang sedang memahami arti dari sebuah kehidupan, belajar akan manis dan pahitnya dunia dan merasakan arti dari sebuah keluarga dan sahabat tentunya seorang kekasih yang kelak akan jadi ibu dari anak-anak saya.
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